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Speaking about the Western perception of Chinese commercial activity in countries such as Egypt el-Dahshan stated: “A lot of established [Western] partners aren’t happy to see someone else competing with them in countries they consider to be their traditional homes.” Shepherds, ferrymen, and fishermen mainly made do with a simple leather sash from which hung a curtain of reeds; many also worked completely naked, at least until the Middle Kingdom - during this time it became rare to see an unclothed worker. Female millers, bakers, and harvest workers are often depicted in a long wraparound skirt but with the upper part of the body bared. (376) The artist’s real name is Giovanni Battista Benvenuto, but he is often referred to as L’Ortolano Ferrarese, due to his father’s work as a gardener (ortolano = greengrocer), and his birthplace in Ferrara. Lluveras,A et al. “Evidence for the use of egyptian blue in an 11th century mural altarpiece”, Archaeometry, Volume 52, Issue 2, p 308 (April 2010). In addition, it transpired that the supposed ’air shafts’ in the pyramids actually pointed directly towards Orion, apparently with the aim of projecting the soul of the deceased king out towards the constellation.
The number of Chinese companies registered and operating in Egypt has reached more than 1,500 companies, with investments approaching one billion US dollars, and Chinese investments in Egypt provide approximately 30,000 direct job opportunities for Egyptians. Chinese investments are distributed in a number of sectors, including 702 companies in the industrial sector, 432 companies in the service sector, 70 companies in the construction sector, 79 companies in the communications and information technology sector, 47 companies in the agricultural sector, and 6 companies in the tourism sector. The Central Bank of Egypt also concluded a currency swap agreement with the People’s Bank (Central) of China in December 2017, with a total amount of 18 billion Chinese yuan against its equivalent in Egyptian pounds.
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My eagerness to accept the invitation of my friend, President Xi Jinping, to participate in this summit, stems from Egypt's interest in the Belt and Road Initiative, and our belief that the common denominators and challenges that unite us as member states, along with the vision on which the initiative was founded, its axes and projects, It should form the foundations of cooperation between its parties, with a view to achieving the aspirations of our peoples and the interests of our countries towards stability and development. Sun said China is simply looking for mutually beneficial economic transactions in Egypt. “China seeks geo-economic interests while the West pursues geopolitical interests. Both are compatible. China is satisfied with the status quo.” A key issue not being discussed in the Chinese-Egyptian relationship is the persecution of Uighurs, the Turkic ethnic group and Muslim community in China’s northwest Xinjiang province.
Perfume and jewelry were appreciated and worn by both men and women, as were cosmetics. Egyptians of both sexes used kohl under their eyes to decrease sun glare and kyphi, the most popular Egyptian perfume, was regarded so highly it was burned as incense in the temples. Images of Egyptians with cones on their heads are depicting the use of kyphi in its cone form. It was composed of frankincense, myrrh, pine resin, and other ingredients and could be burned (as with the cones), applied to the skin, or used as toothpaste and mouthwash. Egypt is the hub of China’s Middle Eastern policy, particularly in politics and economy,” Degang Sun, a professor of international studies at Fudan University in Shanghai, told Al Jazeera in a statement. Money will change hands, things will move and people will have changed opinions about China as a result.” The Chinese port company Hutchinson has also won contracts to manage Alexandria and El Dekheila ports, and recently signed a new agreement to build a container-handling terminal near Alexandria. The sun sets over the port of el-Dekheila in the Mediterranean city of Alexandria, Egypt [File: Amr Abdallah Dalsh/Reuters]
Both Cairo and Beijing seek to expand cooperation in the fields of investment, financing, transition towards green energy, green industries, low-carbon technology and space, and search for new areas of cooperation. Fortunately, given Egypt’s moderate weather, antiquities, and civilization, China has included Egypt on the list of top countries for foreign tourist destinations for Chinese citizens, which means that the number of Chinese tourists will increase in the future. The volume of Chinese investment in Egypt was 560 million US dollars in the fiscal year 2021-2022, an increase of 16% year on year, representing 6.3% of net foreign capital inflows to Egypt. Kyphi was most often used by women and applied in very much the same fashion as perfume is in the modern day. A woman, or her maidservant, would open a container of kyphi, fan the air, and walk through the scent. The same is true of cosmetics, which were kept in pots or jars and applied from these containers with a brush or reed, much like the modern eyeliner. Tite, M S et al, (1984)“Technological examination of Egyptian blue” in Lambert JB (ed) Archaeological Chemistry 111, American Chemical Society, Washington 205-242.
With great astronomical precision, the pyramids were created to serve as the pharaoh’s gateway to the stars. Egyptians feel more comfortable to cooperate with China and regard China as an equal and trustworthy brother. China treats the Egyptian counterparts equally,” Sun noted.
Jushi, a Chinese fibreglass manufacturing company, is one of the largest tenants. Its presence at the canal has made Egypt the third largest manufacturer of fibreglass in the world. Sun called it “a model of win-win development” for Cairo and Beijing. An Egyptian flag flies on a boat as a container ship sails down the new section of the Suez Canal in Ismailia [File: Khaled Desouki/AFP] There is some evidence of shoes being worn by nobility in the New Kingdom and also the use of silk but this is rare. The Hittites had developed the shoe and the boot by this time, so it would not be surprising to see their appearance in Egypt. In 1258 BCE the Hittites and Egyptians signed the world's first peace treaty, and afterwards cultural diffusion was common between the two. Still, the shoe never became popular footwear in Egypt as it would probably have been considered unnecessary effort; after all, even the gods went barefoot. Manufacture & Simplicity of Form
The earliest clothing was probably papyrus reeds and animal skins, but this changed with the cultivation of flax which was processed and turned into cloth. Women were the first cultivators of flax and initiated the manufacture of clothing. Evidence for this claim is the oldest depictions of textile production showing women at work, not men, and women continuing in textile production even when the industry was run by males. This is not at all unusual as women were the first brewers in Egypt and, most likely, the first healers who predated the rise of the medical profession. In this context, Egypt was proactive in its interaction with the initiative. We find that Egypt has presented the economic zone of the Suez Canal to the world as a logistic and economic center that contributes strongly and effectively to the development of international navigation, enhances global trade freedom, and opens up broad investment horizons in the fields of transport, energy, infrastructure and commercial services. To be the axis of the Suez Canal as a commercial, economic and humanitarian link, integrated with the “Belt and Road” initiative, and linking it with Africa. President Abdel-Fattah El-Sisi has confirmed that Egypt’s development priorities are consistent with the “Belt and Road” initiative, which aims to enhance trade and economic cooperation between the countries of the initiative, including Egypt, and to strengthen coordination among the member states of the initiative and work to increase interest in projects to connect facilities between these countries, and implement Policies that contribute to increasing trade and financial integration, in addition to increasing communication between peoples by promoting cultural exchange programs between the countries of the region. There is no doubt that the advanced level reached by Egyptian-Chinese economic relations is a true translation of President Sisi’s vision, which is based on transforming all international endeavors and relations in the interest of the Egyptian people. China spends a lot of time talking about non-interference, but at some level, we need to recognise that trade and investment counts as interference,” said Greer. China’s not really good at status quo,” he said. At the very least, he sees Beijing “upping its presence politically and culturally in Egypt”.
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Beijing continues to hold that it acts in the spirit of non-interference in countries like Egypt, but as tensions between China and the West escalate many are rethinking its claims to be a benign commercial partner. The layout of the pyramids, and their relative sizes were a deliberate design plan, and not the result of three king’s enormous egos as been preached as dogma by the so-called Egyptologists. For art historians and conservators, the study of pigments used in artworks can be valuable in a number of ways. It can provide an indication of the age and the authenticity of the artwork, as well as of the studio practices of the painter. As precious pigments were often traded over long distances, it may also enable trade routes to be traced. And it can yield information which is vital in choosing which conservation treatments for the artwork may be the most effective [6].
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